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历史的重要影响 英语作文

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历史的重要影响 英语作文篇一:英语范文-英语的重要性_The Importance of English

The Importance of English

There call be no doubt that English is one of the world's most widely used languages. People use a language in one of three ways: as a native language, as a second language, or as a foreign languge. English is

spoken as a native language by over three handred million people in the United States, Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, some caribbean countries and South Africa. As a second language, English is often

necessary for official business, education, information and other activities in many countries, it is one of the few "working" languages of the United Nations.

It is said that English has become the language of international trade and transport. Most pilots in planes travelling from one country to another use it to talk with airports. All ships sailing on the oceans call for help by radio in it. It has been said that 60 percent of the world's radio broad casts and 70 percent of the world's mail uses English. At international sports meets, and international of scientists English is the language most commonly used and the most widely used.

English has in fact become the language of international cooperation is science and technology. The most advanced resuits in space, nuclear and computer research are published in it. A scientist who speaks and writes English is in closer touch with the scientists in other countries than one who doesn't

English language is the international language meaning 60% of the worlds population are speaking in english. This means that we can

communicate well if we do know how to speak the language. It will help you gain friends not just locally but internationally. Also it will open some doors for you to venture on other countries like UK., USA, and the likes to spend either vacation or for studying purposes. Moreover the instructions given in some appliances, gadgets, equipments, food labels and etc were mostly written in English. So you will get better

understanding of what is going on.

Because we all chinese want to see the development of our country, so I think we should study english well to get the highr technics of forein countries. This is the reson why we learn english.

First, I believe, any language broadens your horizon.

Secondly, I have learnt and experienced, living in foreign countries more than half my life, that it is easier to understand other cultures, the more you understand about other languages and how language may influence thoughts and thinking.

English is spoken most around the world, so it allows for most flexibility. it's important for me because I can communicate with people around the world who speak this language, besides, I can use it in many activities

such as translation of books and movies, when you speak another language acquire culture.

the knowledge of english is important for many reasons but for me in particular:

1- i can read many things that are not written in my own language( books but also on internet)

2- for work you can have better opportunities in your own country and you have the possibility to work abroad

3- at the end you have a better control on your life and you are free to do what you want

英语自身并不重要

但我们可以把它当作一种工具

用来与世界交流

我们国家唯有学习外来的先进文化才能富强起来,才能实现振兴

我们作为祖国的后代,应该担负富强祖国的重任

所以我们应该

也同时丰富了我们自身的知识

强祖国的重任

第一:学了别人的语言才更懂自己的语言

第二:学语言是在学习文化,你不想自己只是一只井底之蛙吧

第三:可以直接与英语国家的人交流,可以获得。现在的科技日新月异,等别人帮你翻译好了,早就过时了。 很重要,学习英语的重要性

①英语是当今世界上主要的国际通用语言这一,也是世界上最广泛使用的语言。据1986年的统计,

世界上以英语为母语的人近4亿,差不多每十个人中就有一个人讲英语。英国、美国、加拿大、澳

大利亚、新西兰等国家的人都讲英语。世界上约有20国家把英语作为官方语言或第二语言使用,共

计约有8亿人。也就是说,世界上差不多每五个人中有一个人至少在一定程度上懂英语。若加了世

界各国中小学生学习英语的人数,懂英语的人就更多了。

②英语的使用范围非常广泛。世界上70%以上的邮件是用英文写或用英文写地址的。全世界的广播

节目中,有60%是用英语进行的。国际上的资料绝大部分是用英语发表的。绝大部分的国际会议是

以英语为第一通用语言,它也是联合国的正式工作语言之一。总之,在国际政治、军事、经济、科

技、文化、贸易、交通运输等领域,英语是一个重要的交际工具。

随着我国对外开放的不断扩大化,科学技术的不断进步,国际地位的不断提高,迫切需要造就一大批

精通外语的专门人才,以加速我国“四化”进程,使我国在国际事务中发挥更大更积极的作用。因此,

学好英语对实现上述目标具有重要大的现实意义和深远的历史意义。 我们需要学习别人的先进技术

中国在近几十年的确发生了翻天覆地的变化,各方面都发展得很快。但是,不容置疑的是,我们在很多技术方面仍然落后于西方先进国家。要发展,要进步,要在较短的时间内掌握各种技术,我们不可能单靠自己搞研究,必须学习别人先进的技术。而学习的必要前提便是要掌握世界通用技术交流语言,我们的工具-英语。就计算机程序开发为例:虽然目前的计算机操作系统已经有中文版,但要进行应用程序开发,程序还是用英语编写的。高新技术资料大部分都是以英语编写。印度虽然在很多方面的发展比不上中国,但印度的软件开发业却比中国发达很多。造成这种差距,其中一个重要原因就是印度程序员普遍英语应用水平比中国程序员高。

历史的重要影响 英语作文篇二:经典英语作文考试必背

推荐英语背诵的经典作文十篇

第一篇

Book Knowledge vs. Experience

Knowledge can be acquired from many sources. These include books, teachers and practical experience, and each has its own advantages. The knowledge we gain from books and formal education enables us to learn about things that we have no opportunity to experience in daily life. We can study all the places in the world and learn from people we will never meet in our lifetime, just by reading about them in books. We can also develop our analytical skills and learn how to view and interpret the world around us in different ways. Furthermore, we can learn from the past by reading books. In this way, we won’t repeat the mistakes of others and can build on their achievements.

Practical experience, on the other hand, can give us more useful knowledge. It is said that one learns best by doing, and I believe that this is true, whether one is successful or not. In fact, I think making mistakes is the best way to learn. Moreover, if one wants to make new advances, it is necessary to act. Innovations do not come about through reading but through experimentation. Finally, one can apply the skills and insights gained through the study of books to practical experience, making an already meaningful experience more meaningful. However, unless it is applied to real experiences, book knowledge remains theoretical and, in the end, is useless. That is why I believe that knowledge gained from practical experience is more important than that acquired from books.

参考译文:

书本知识与实际经验

获得知识的来源有很多,其中包括书本、老师,以及实际经验,而每一种都有其优点。从书本上及正规教育中所获得的知识使我们知道在日常生活中没有机会亲身去体验的事。通过读书,我们可以研究世界各地的资料,还可以向不曾谋面的人学习。我们也可以培养分析的技巧,并学习如何以不同的方式去观察并理解周围的世界。此外,我们可以通过读书,从历史中获取教训。如此一来,就不会再重复别人的错误,并且能够以他人的成就作为我们行动的基础。

另一方面,实际经验能够给我们更多有用的知识。大家都说从做中学的效果最好,我也认为的确如此,无论一个人成功与否。事实上,我认为犯错是最好的学习方式。此外,如果想要有新的进展,就必须要付诸行动。想要创新,只靠阅读是不够的,必须要去实践。最后,我们可以将通过读书所获得的技巧和见解应用于实际经验中,使得原本有意义的经验变得更有意义。不过,除非我们能将书本知识运用于实际经验中,否则书本知识终究仍只是理论,毫无用处。那就是为什么我会认为从实际经验中获得的知识比从书本中所得到的知识更为重要。

The Influence of Television and Movies

There is no doubt that watching television and movies can influence the way that people behave. Moreover, it seems that people are spending more and more time watching some sort of visual entertainment, whether it is television, a video tape or a DVD. Therefore, the effects of visual media cannot be ignored.

One obvious effect of the these media is that watching them induces people to buy certain products. television advertising is widespread and, nowadays, even movie theaters permit advertisements. Another way TV and the movies affect people is that they give people either a broader view of the world or a distorted one, depending on what type of program they watch. Those who watch news and educational program can learn many new things while those who watch primarily entertainment shows may come to believe that most people in the world possess great wealth and good looks. It may make them become dissatisfied with their own lives. Finally, perhaps the most susceptible viewers are children, who may be unable to tell fact from fiction and may try to imitate acts that they see on TV or in the movies.

With the every-increasing popularity of video entertainment, society must pay attention to these effects. Television and movies, while entertaining and informative, cannot take the place of real experience.

参考译文:

电视和电影的影响

电视和电影无疑会影响人们的行为举止。此外,人们似乎在花越来越多的时间去观看一些视觉娱乐节目,无论是电视、录像带,或是DVD。因此,视觉每体的影响是不容忽视的。

这些每体所造成的最明显的影响是,人们在观看之后会被诱使去购买某些产品。现在电视广告非常普遍,即使是电影院,也允许播放广告。另外一个电视及电影会影响人们的方式是,它们能使人们对世界有更广阔的见解或是扭曲的看法,而这取决于人们所观看的是什么样的节目。凡是观看新闻性及教育性节目的人可以学习许多新事物,而主要观看娱乐节目的观众可能就会认为,世界上大多数的人都很有钱,而且长得都很好看,这可能会使他们对自己的生活感到不满意。最后,儿童可能是最容易受影响的观众。他们可能无法分辨真实与虚构,而且可能会试着模仿在电视或电影中所看到的行为。

由于视觉娱乐越来越普遍,所以社会大众必须注意其可能造成的影响。尽管电视及电影兼具娱乐性和知识性,但还是无法取代实际的经验。

Living Longer

In the past it was not uncommon for a man to die at forty, having lived a full life. But now we consider a lifespan of forty years to be very short. It is not unusual for people to live into their eighties and nineties, and some even reach 100. What’s more, people are living long, healthy lives and are active well into their “golden years”.

Mankind’s longevity is due mainly to advances in science and technology. Medical breakthroughs have eradicated many fatal diseases that were once common. Perhaps more importantly, better general health means that people are less likely to contract infections in the first place. Better health also helps people prevent slowly debilitating conditions, such as heart disease, which can take their lives at an early age. And as civilization has advanced, our living environment and sources of food have become more sanitary. Furthermore, work is now safer and not as taxing on the human body. We do not wear out after just a few years of very hard work.

There are many reasons why people are now living longer than ever before. But what is more important is that they are living better as they live longer. It is my opinion that we have scientific and technological development to thank for this progress.

参考译文:

活得更久

以前的人活到40岁就过完一生而死亡是很平常的。但是现在,我们认为40岁的寿命很短。人们活到八十几岁、九十几岁,有些甚至到100岁,是很平常的。而且,人们还能活得久而且又健康,精力充沛地迈入他们的“黄金时代”(退休期)。

人类会长寿主要是因为科学及科技的进步。医学上的重大突破已经根除了以前十分普遍的致命疾病。而更重要的也许是,大众健康的改善首先意味着人们不大可能得传染病。人们变得更健康也有助于预防罹患一些会使身体状况日益衰弱的疾病,例如心脏病。这些疾病常会夺走年轻的生命。又因为文明的进步,我们的生活环境以及食物来源已经变得比较卫生。此外,现在的工作比较安全,且对人体而言没有那么繁重。我们不会因为只辛苦工作几年就变得疲惫不堪。

现代人比以前长寿的原因有很多,但更重要的是,人们活得更久,而且也活得更好。我的看法是,我们进提那的进步得益于科学和科技的发展。

The Media and Famous People

In almost every form of media, including television, newspapers and magazines, a great deal of attention is paid to the personal lives of celebrities. It seems that the public cannot get enough of this kind of news. However, I believe that the media have a responsibility to present a balanced view of the world, as well as respect the lives of public figures. Therefore, I believe that the media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people.

For people who are fascinated with the lives of public figures there are some forms of media devoted exclusively to this topic. They can satisfy their curiosityby buying fan magazines and watching TV shows devoted to entertainment news. The general media should present all types of information because people have different interests. Furthermore, the practice of dwelling on the private lives of celebrities can lead people to pay more attention to these matters than they otherwise would. Perhaps most importantly, the media should respect the privacy of every individual, including public figures. They may have chosen to be in the public eye, but that does not give the public the right to know everything about them. Moreover, many stories about celebrities are untrue; they are only gossip reported to increase sales of magazines and other media. They are unfair to the famous and mislead the public.

For all of these reasons, I believe that the media should pay more attention to matters other than the private lives of public figures. In this way, they can appeal to a wider audience and encourage people to develop other interests. In my opinion, the media currently pay too much attention to the private lives of public figures.

参考译文:

媒体与名人

几乎每一种媒体,包括电视、报纸和杂志,都把许多焦点放在名人的私生活上。一般大众似乎对这种新闻一直很感兴趣。然而,我认为媒体有责任以公正无偏袒的观点报导时事,以及尊重公众人物的生活。因此,我认为媒体的确过度关注名人的私生活。

因为有些人对于公众人物的私生活十分着迷,所以有些媒体就专做这个主题。通过购买针对歌迷或影迷所发行的杂志和观看电视节目的娱乐新闻,就能满足这些歌迷和影迷的好奇心。一般媒体应该提供所有类型的资讯,因为人们的兴趣各不相同。此外,老是强调名人的私生活,会使人们比平常更注意这些事情。或许最重要的是,媒体应该尊重个人的隐私,包括公众人物的隐私。他们可能选择公开露面或上传播媒体,但那并不表示大众有权知道他们的一切。此外,许多关于名人的报导并不真实;那些报导只不过是被用来增加杂志销售量以及其他媒体业绩的八卦传闻。那些不实的报导不仅对名人不公平,也会误导大众。

基于这些理由,我认为媒体应该多注意公众人物私生活以外的事情。如此一来,媒体就能吸引更广大的受众群,并且鼓励人们培养其他的兴趣。依我之见,目前的媒体的确过度关注公众人物及他们的私生活。

Human Activity and the Earth

There is no doubt that human activity has an effect on the planet. We see the evidence of mankind’s endeavors all around us. While some of man’s accomplishments, such as the building of transportation systems and the consistent supply of potable water, have made Earth a better place for people to live, they have not come without cost. Overall, it seems that human activity harms the Earth more than it benefits it.

For example, the transportation systems that benefit mankind also create pollution and use up valuable energy resources. While we cannot do without transportation these days, we cannot ignore the fact that it has an adverse effect on the planet. Furthermore, those advances that benefit people do not benefit al the life on Earth. Deforestation endangers many animals, and mankind’s great thirst for water and other resources leads to the extinction of many plant forms. In addition, accomplishments such as the supply of potable water to a community are only response to problems that mankind created in the past. It was man that made the water unfit to drink in the first place. Finally, the damage that human activity causes will eventually have a negative effect on people. They will also suffer the effects of pollution and diminishing natural resources.

In conclusion, it seems apparent that man’s activity benefits primarily himself, not the Earth. Moreover, those benefits are only short-term advantages, and man will also suffer the negative effects of his activity in the future. The Earth does not have an inexhaustible supply of resources, so every effort should be made to conserve resources and limit the impact of human activity on the planet.

参考译文:

人类活动与地球

人类活动无疑会对地球造成影响。我们周围随处可见人类活动的迹象。虽然人类某些成就,如运输系统的建立以及饮用水持续的供应等,使得地球成为一个更适合的人类居住的地方,但这些成就的取得也付出了代价。总体上,对地球而言,人类的活动似乎弊多于利。

例如,运输系统对人类有利,却会制造污染,并用尽珍贵的能源。现在我们虽然不能没有运输工具,却也不能忽视运输工具对地球有不良影响的事实。此外,使人类获益的这些进步不一定能使地球上所有生物都获益。砍伐森林危及许多动物,而人类对水和其他资源的需求极大,因而导致许多植物绝种。再者,像供应社区饮水的这类成就,就只是人类在为过去所制造的问题做出回应而已。是人类自己首先使水变得不适合饮用的。最后,人类活动所导致的损害终究会对人类本身产生负面的影响。污染及日益减少的天然资源所造成的影响也会使人类受害。

总之,人类的活动显然主要仅对人类自己有利,但却对地球不利。而且,那些益处是短暂的,将来人类还是会因自己的行为所造成的负面影响而受害。地球上的资源并不是取之不尽、用之不竭的,所以我们应该尽全力保存资源,限制人类活动对地球的冲击。

历史的重要影响 英语作文篇三:英语写作的重要性

英语写作的重要性

几乎所有的英语学习者都很注重听力和口语,如果不是要应付考试,极少有人会尝试进行英语写作。殊不知,光是会溜溜地说而不会写一篇完整的文章,基本上可以算作是半个英语文盲。

我们中国人学英语主要用途是什么?是因为要出国?还是因为要经常和老外face 2 face 的对话?恐怕我们的英语学习人群中最多只有1%的有机会出国,不会超过10%的人有机会和老外直接对话。英语实实在在使用最多的地方还是英文邮件书信往来。尤其涉外工作,则必须具备良好的英语写作能力。

经常进行英语写作练习,将会很好的提高自己的英语逻辑思维能力,同样对提高口语表达能力大有帮助。

英语写作的重要性

几乎所有的英语学习者都很注重听力和口语,如果不是要应付考试,极少有人会尝试进行英语写作。殊不知,光是会溜溜地说而不会写一篇完整的文章,基本上可以算作是半个英语文盲。

我们中国人学英语主要用途是什么?是因为要出国?还是因为要经常和老外face 2 face 的对话?恐怕我们的英语学习人群中最多只有1%的有机会出国,不会超过10%的人有机会和老外直接对话。英语实实在在使用最多的地方还是英文邮件书信往来。尤其涉外工作,则必须具备良好的英语写作能力。

经常进行英语写作练习,将会很好的提高自己的英语逻辑思维能力,同样对提高口语表达能力大有帮助。

英语(论坛)是当今世界上主要的国际通用语言

从全世界来看,说英语的人数已经超过了任何语言的人数,10多个国家以英语为母语,45个国家的官方语言是英语,世界三分之一的人口(二十几亿)讲英语。比如在日本,除了他们的本国母语——日语之外,英语是他们的第二语言,很多高层次的日本人以会说英语为荣。

二、英语的使用范围非常广泛

全世界75%的电视节目是英语,四分之三的邮件是用英语书写,电脑键盘是英语键盘,任何一个会议敢号称是国际会议,其会议工作语言一定要用英语,也是联合国的正式工作语言。

我们看到,很多官方的、政府性质的活动、文件、交流方式都使用英语。

外贸行业也把英语作为通用语言,外贸交往、国际礼仪、书信函电、进出口文件、还有银行文件语言等等,统统以英语作为标准通用语言。

大多数国家的高等学府,大学院校,都开设英语语言文学专业,仅在中国,就有一百多所大学设有英语专业或英语相关专业。

电脑和互联网,也是建立在英语的基础上,这个行业的语言,就是英语。

此外,在医学领域、建筑领域、文学领域,都与英语有极大的关联。

三、国家发展和国际合作需要英语

中国在近几十年的确发生了翻天覆地的变化,各方面都发展得很快。但是,不容置疑的是,我们在很多技术方面仍然落后于西方先进国家。要发展,要进步,要在较短的时间内掌握各种技术,我们不可能单靠自己搞研究,必须学习发达国家先进的技术,而学习的必要前提便是要掌握世界通用技术交流语言-英语。就计算机程序开发为例,虽然目前的计算机操作系统已经有中文版,但要进行应用程序开发,程序还是用英语编写的。高新技术资料大部分都是以英语编写。印度虽然在很多方面的发展比不上中国,但印度的软件开发业却比中国发达很多,造成这种差距的一个重要原因就是印度程序员普遍英语应用水平比中国程序员高。

我们在学习别人先进技术,经验的同时,也需要与世界各国展开各种技术上和经济上的合作。如果不懂英语,便无法与合作方沟通交流,也更谈不上合作了。譬如某公司开发了一个具有世界水平的产品,如果能打开国际市场,前途将是一片光明。但偏偏公司人员不懂英语,无法很好地与国外客户沟通,无法将产品的优良性能展示出来,这将是一个惨重的损失。

除上述重要性外,学好英语这门语言,对于学生而来说,还有如下好处:

第一、从小培养良好的英语的听说读写的基础,为在相关企业迎接更为复杂困难

的英语学习大有裨益;

第二、一旦毕业,选择英语类专业工作将使得我们的成功几率大为增加,比如:除了英语类专业之外,相关专业还有:国际经济法专业、国际贸易类、商务专业、医学专业、国际政治专业、历史专业、考古专业、传媒专业、舞蹈专业、财务专业、文学专业、师范专业、数学专业、工程专业、电子专业、生物技术专业、软件和信息技术专业等,都离不开英语的学习或国外文献资料的查阅,没有良好的英语基础,这些专业领域是不会取得重大建树的。

第三、对于某些重点学校,或者与国外建立了友好交流关系的学校,只有那些具有优势英语的学生才有可能被录取参加国外友好学校的交流活动;

第四、英语作为中考、高考(微博)的必选重点科目,其得分的高低,直接影响到是否在全班全年级占据优势,被名牌大学录取;

第五、 即使是有偏科倾向的学生,如果她的英语口语或者写作或者翻译有一技之长,将来即使是没有考上大学,他也会被社会广泛需要的,比如从事翻译、口译、英语教师、幼儿园老师、外贸行业等。

第六、 语言好的学生,其右脑的智商相对更高,反应更灵敏、沟通更快捷易懂、给人印象更深刻,在竞争激烈的社会中,更有优势,更容易夺得一些机会。

第七、如果你想将来出国,就不会在语言关方面花费很多金钱、时间和精力去补课,而是一站式通达国外,获得更多良好教育的机会,也更容易引起外国机构的青睐,收到意想不到的效果。

可见,英语的应用无处不在,我们已经身处在一个开口就是英语的时代和地方,英语对于我们而言,就像一日三餐,对于人类而言不可或缺,只要这个地球存在,英语就会永远存续下去

参考资料:

内容提要:初中阶段的英语写作既是英语学习“听、说、度、写”基本技能之一,又是发展和提

高学生英语写作基本技能的重要基础阶段。但英语写作在教学中没有得到教师的足够重视,学生写作能力较低。本文旨在通过对本地区初中英语教师写作教学现状和教学策略调查和分析,引起英语教师的对写作教学的反思与重视,同时对学校和进校的教研和培训工作提供信息和建议。

主题词:英语教师 写作教学 现状

一、调研背景

1、新课标对初中英语写作的要求

语言技能是语言运用能力的重要组成部分,主要包括听、说、读、写等方面的技能以及这些技能的综合运用。听和读是理解的技能,说和写是表达的技能。它们在语言学习和交际中相辅相成、相互促进。随着英语新课标的实施以及教材的改革,教学目标中更加强了对学生写作能力的培养。义务教育阶段英语课程对初中毕业应达到的“写”的五级目标的描述:能根据写作要求,收集、准备素材;能独立起草短文、短信等,并在教师的指导下进行修改;能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系;能简单描述人物或事件;能根据图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明。学生应通过大量的专项和综合性语言实践活动,形成综合语言运用能力,为真实语言交际打基础。

2、我区初中学生英语写作现状

新课改实施以来,英语中考书面表达对作文的内容和要求有了很大的变化,英语作文在用词、语法、语篇结构、体裁以及适当表达个人观点等各个方面都向老师和学生提出了更高的要求。但从我区几年来的期末考试和中考中写作部分的成绩及试卷分析来看,学生写作部分成绩总体偏低,学生的语言基础知识积累不够,学生对于写作的基本要求没有完全掌握,语言的基本功不扎实,不能用英语表达。具体体现在:学生的词汇量小,对词汇、句型等不能正确应用,所写的句子语法结构混乱,含义不清,病句较多,在写作中出现不少中文式的英语。基于前期对初中学生关于写作现状调查了解,学生写作之所以水平较低,总体主要因素有三点:学生重视不够;学生对写作出现畏难心理;没有掌握良好的写作策略。

3、我区英语教师现状

我区初中英语教师共计390多名,学历整体水平偏低,其中一部分是“教非所学”教师。毋庸置疑,英语新课标的实施,新教材的使用,对教师的专业知识水平提出了更高的要求,“十五”以来,我区把英语教师的继续教育培训作为“重中之重”,在资金等各方面全力做好保障工作,培训力度一直在加大。2005年9月起我区初中开始使用师大版新教材,为了在新的课程标准实践中提高我区英语教师的整体素质,建设一支具有较高专业知识水平、先进教育理念和现代课程意识的英语教师队伍,我们培训的目标,是以“侧重提高英语口语表达能力、提高驾驭《英语新课程标准》的课堂教学能力”为重点,英语教师的整体素质有很大提高。根据“十二五”继教需求调查,教师迫切希望能通过各种形式和类别的培训,提高自身的专项教学能力。针对我区英

语写作教学的弱点,如不采取一定的培训措施很难扭转写作教学局面,更谈不上整体教学质量的提高。因此,对教师写作教学技能的提升是“十二五”时期的英语教师继续教育重点解决的问题之一。

二、调查目的、对象和方式

基于学生写作现状、新课程、新课标要求以及英语教师写作专业技能亟待提高的背景下,我们利用教师参加研修活动机会,对来自区内30多所初中校共76名教龄五年以上英语教师做了问卷调查和部分教师座谈。旨在了解初中英语教师英语写作教学现状、教学策略以及教学培训需求等,为课堂教学和教师自身专业发展提供参考意见,思考作为培训部门如何“以问题为前提”、“教师需求为中心”有效地为教师提供培训服务。

三、调查结果与分析

(一)问卷部分数据分析显示

1、教师对写作教学的整体认识

教师对写作课教学的兴趣,32%教师表示很高,56%一般,12%表示不高或基本没有;写作技能对学生整体英语水平的影响,84%认为有影响,12%教师和4%的教师认为一般和可有可无;写作在中考中对学生成绩的影响,76%教师认为影响很大,24%教师认为影响不大;教师在教学中对教材每一单元的写作部分,42%教师课上处理,68%的教师表示忽略;对于学生在写作时犯错误的态度,92%采用帮助学生改正,有8%的教师表示仅仅指出错误,认为改不改是学生的事,自己再努力也还如此;在教师的努力下,学生写作水平提高的可能性,80%教师认为很大,但有12%和8%教师认为不大或不可能有多大提高。

2、教师对学生的整体了解情况

教师对“您认为学生对写作有兴趣吗?”的回答,98%否定;对“您所教学生学生写作没有达到及格水平”的比例,平均值是65%以上不合格;对“您了解所教学生的写作问题吗?”的回答是100%;但对“您全面调查过学生的写作问题和策略吗?”,95%的教师表示没有;“您认为学生写作主要存在的问题”是,100%教师认为是词汇量太少,平时缺乏练习与积累,缺乏必要的英语语言知识储备,91%认为写作技巧太差。而对“分析学生写作水平差的原因”主要因素:72%认为教学时间不够,36%的教师认为提高写作水平对于学生来说太难了,自己没办法,32%认为学生不努力,48%认为学生不重视。

3、关于教师的写作教学策略

对“您对您所教的学生什么时候开始进行有计划的写作能力培养?”,80%教师回答从初一开始,有12%和8%教师是初二和初三;对“您所使用的教材内容安排是否适应学生水平?”,52%教师认为是,48%认为不适合;对于“您是否在每个单元都给学生布置一篇文章作为写作练习? ”,80%教师回答是,20%否;对“您每周或每两周安排一次作文课吗?”,83%教师回答否;关于教师“批改写作练习的方式”,80%教师表示采取书面的和用笔逐一批改,28%教师采取按一

历史的重要影响 英语作文篇四:论专业英语的重要性

《化学专业英语》

题 目:

姓 名:

班 级:

完成日期:

任课教师:

课程考核论文 论专业英语的重要性 黄 昌 碧 学 号: 201104014049 2011级化学本科班 2013年12月11日 汪 婷

安顺学院

论专业英语的重要性

摘 要: 时代在进步,语言做为人们互相交流的东西,使人们更加的了解这个世界,在这个崭新的时代,我们不能在局限与国人的交流更应该放眼到世界,注重与世界的交流,闭门发展必将带来亡国之痛,历史曾给了我们深刻的教训,英语作为如今世界通用语言,是我们能够与国外进行更多交流的一种语言平台,能让我们更加的去了解世界的动态和最先进的知识,而对各种专业来讲,我们的专业英语何尝不是一样重要。

关键词:普及度 使用范围 用途 必要性 紧迫性

英语作为一门重要的学科,正在由于科技的飞速发展、信息全球化、社会化的日趋接近以及国际语言的特殊身份而身价倍增,成为了跨入二十一世纪所必备的三张通行证之一。新的一代是否具备这张通行证将会直接影响祖国明天的辉煌。从这个意义上说,通过学习英语来培养学生积极学习、主动探取的主体性品质以适应现代化社会的发展显得尤为必要。尤其是我们当代研究生,掌握好英语,尤其是自己专业方面的外语,无论是对自己完成学业,还是未来找工作都有很重要的作用。通过这学期专业英语的学习,我学到了很多东西,更重要的是知道了学习专业英语的重要性。

一.专业英语可以有利于了解我们专业

(一)据1986年的统计,世界上以英语为母语的人近4亿,差不多每十个人中就有一个人讲英语。英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国家的人都讲英语。世界上约有20个国家把英语作为官方语言或第二语言使用,共计约有8亿人。也就是说,世界上差不多每五个人中有一个人至少在一定程度上懂英语。若加上世界各国中小学生学习英语的人数,懂英语的人就更多了。英语已经成为当今世界数十个国家的官方语言,这些国家独占了全世界70%以上的财富 ,不懂英语就意味着跟这70%的机会无缘。另有一大批原本的非英语国家,如我们的近邻日本韩国,随着经济起飞,跟国际市场快速融合,英语早已普及化,大众化,大大改变了这些国家的语言使用面貌。

(2)调查显示,在这些国家,英语水平跟个人社会地位等级明显成正比。虽然我们以前已经学了很长时间的英语,但学的还远远不够。因为我们学的英语基

本上都是一些基础的、常用的表达,对于自己专业领域的一些词汇怎么表达还不了解。所以,学习专业英语是很必要的。尤其是随着地理学科的不断发展和新技术的广泛应用,对地理专业学生来说学习地理专业英语是必不可少的,也是吸取国外先进知识,进行国内外学术交流的基础。因为英语作为世界上应用最广泛的一门语言,许多专业领域的文献和资料都是用英文书写的。如果我们想了解我们专业领域的最新研究成果,我们就必须学好专业英语,这样才能读懂自己专业方面的英文文献,使自己的研究跟上时代的步伐。

(3)世界上70%以上的邮件是用英文写或用英文写地址的。全世界科技出版物 70% 以上用英语发表。全世界的广播节目中,有60%是用英语进行的。绝大部分的国际会议是以英语为第一通用语言(90% 以上的国际会议用英语召开),它也是联合国的正式工作语言之一。总之,在国际政治、军事、经济、科技、文化、贸易、交通运输等领域,英语是一个重要的交际工具。随着我国对外开放的不断扩大化,科学技术的不断进步,国际地位的不断提高,迫切需要造就一大批精通外语的专门人才,以加速我国“四化”进程,使我国在国际事务中发挥更大更积极的作用。因此,学好专业英语对实现上述目标具有重要的现实意义和深远的历史意义。

二.有利于与专家学者的交流

例如随着改革开放的深入发展,来华旅游的外国人越来越多,他们需要与普通的中国人进行接触与交流。正如有的来华旅游者反映的“中国地大物博,风景秀丽,是旅游者最有话与本地人说的一个国家,可是又是最找不到人(普通老百姓)说话的一个国家。” 他们的这个说法难道不是从另一个方面说明英语是很有用的吗? 各行各业的普通老百姓从实践中已经认识到这一点,他们学习英语的积极性空前高涨,旅馆服务员在学,出租汽车司机在学,个体商贩也在学。 随着中国国门的不断开放,我们与国外相关专家学者交流的机会将不断增多,这就需要我们掌握好英语——这张世界的通行证。如果我们不能很好的掌握自己研究领域的英文表达,那么在与国外专家交流时就会遇到这样那样问题,影响我们的正常交流。而一口流利的,专业词汇把握准确的英语,则会给对方留下深刻的印象,从而加深交流,真正达到交流的目的。可想而知,两者的差距。随着我国经济的发展,普通老百姓出国旅游必将越来越多,在国外将面对很多问题

的出现,如:你来到了外国迷路了,或者要找人什么的,你不会英语,你就无法和别人问路或者交谈了。你想买什么东西的不会去表达的话,你将会扫兴而归等等。届时人们对于英语重要性的认识还会上升到一个新的高度。

三.专业英语对以后的生活中的必要性

英语的普及速度之快,在短短的一段时间中,中国已经把英语作为了官方的第二语言,以前只要你认识中国字就不算文盲了,可是发展到如今,不光要懂得本国语言,还需要掌握到英语这一国际语言,要不然的话,可能在以后的生活中被人当作文盲来看待了。想想如今就算在街上卖东西的商贩都懂得了最基本的几句英语,在与外国人交往的时候,并能自己用英语来推销自己的商品,这足以说明如今英语发展的速度与普及程度了,特别中国作为一个有着悠久文化历史的古城,每天都有数不尽的外国人进入我国游览观光,并且还有很大一部分的外国人定居到了中国,世界各民族之间的交流日益频繁,不同文化之间的交融不断深化,在这一背景下,而英语作为如今世界上的通用语言,作为某种文化的符号的语言就显得尤其重要,只有了解一个国家的语言,才可能了解一个国家的文化,才能为相互间的交流提供对话的平台,所以中国在进入世贸后,要想在国际的舞台上表现出更加绚丽的光彩的话,就先得学会和别人交流沟通,英语作为世界上共同进行交流的语言,务必就成为了我们在生活中去学习的必要事情。不少人认为只有在国内搞高科技的人才需要查阅国外的英语资料,从事一般科技工作的人就不一定需要了。其实这是一个极大的误解。一般说来,我们中国不仅仅在尖端科技方面落后于外国,在一般科技方面也远远落后于外国。任何从事非尖端科技工作的人要想在自己的专业方面有长进,也必须懂得英语,以便及时了解国外的动态,吸取其先进经验。专业英语也是英语,所以同样重要。

四.专业英语是英语的延伸

专业英语是高等学校研究生阶段各专业的一门重要辅助课程, 是基础英语的延伸,其目的是为了拓宽学生的专业词汇量和阅读量,特别是强化英文表达方法,为将来的学术论文的阅读、写作和交流打下坚实的基础。地理专业是个古老的学科,为了追踪该学科的动态并赶上国际水平,必须熟练的掌握该专业的英语词汇量及表达方式;地理专业学生毕业后在很大程度上面临的是教学和科研,必须了解国内外地理理领域的最新动态,并需要经常查阅文献、写科研论文、参加

学术会议等;此外,毕业生就业实行双向选择,自主择业,人才市场对于复合型人才的需要越来越多。因此,地理专业英语课程的开设就显得尤为重要。

专业英语的重要性已经是国人都明白的道理了,随着中国的经济飞速发展,国际上的贸易更加的频繁,专业英语所要运用的领域也越来越多,给我们生活带来很多方便的电脑,它的语言便是英语,专业英语已经从各方面已经进入到我们平常的生活当中了,它不再是上个世纪那么新鲜的玩意了,它已经是我们大家共同需要去掌握它,用它来做为媒介来了解世界,来适应如今的时代发展所需求,英语已经成为了世界上的通用语言,从如今他的普及度,学习的必要性,紧迫性的各方面来看,它将成为我们人类今后互相了解的渠道,希望在21世纪中国人都能重视英语,从而达到人人能掌握双语的能力,让我们用更多的胸襟去拥抱世界吧!

参考文献

1.《英语世界》,商务印书馆,《英语世界》杂志社。

2.《打好语言基础,提高文化素养》,上海外语教育出版社编,2001,上海外语教育出版社。

4.《今日中国》,今日中国杂志社,中国福利会。

历史的重要影响 英语作文篇五:阅读经典的重要性__英文课件

历史的重要影响 英语作文篇六:英语作文

作文

针对性句型

1.不用说……: It goes without saying (that)从句/Needless to say (that)从句/It is obvious (that)从句/Obviously, S+V

【例】不用说,早睡早起是值得的。=It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.

2. ……是不可能的;无法……: There is no Ving./There is no way of Ving./There is no possibility of Ving. /It is impossible to V./It is out of the question to V./No one can V./We cannot V.

【例】不可否认,事业成功的关键在于健康的身心。=There is no denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.

3.我深信……: I am greatly convinced (that)从句/I am greatly assured (that)从句

【例】我深信预防胜于治疗。=I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure.

4. ……是很容易证明的: It can be easily proved (that)从句

【例】时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。=It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.

5. ……无论如何强调都不为过:... cannot be overemphasized

【例】交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。=The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.

6.就我的看法……;我认为……: In my opinion,.../To my mind,.../As far as I am concerned,.../I am of the opinion that从句

【例】在我看来,打电子游戏既花费时间又有损健康。=In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

7.人人知晓……/毫无疑问……: Everyone knows (that)从句/There is no doubt (that)从句

【例】毫无疑问,近视在我国的年轻人中是一个严重的问题。=There is no doubt that nearsightedness is a serious problem among the youth in our country.

8. A.在这个信息年代,……扮演重要的角色: In this age of information,... plays an important role.

B.在当今工业社会中,……是生命中不可或缺的: In today's industrial society,... is indispensable to life.

【例】在这个信息年代,计算机扮演着非常重要的角色。=In this age of information, the computer plays an extremely important role.

9.在讨论……时,我们不得不承认……: In dealing with..., one cannot but admit (that)从句

【例】在讨论未来的职业时,我们不得不承认尽早决定未来的职业很重要。=In dealing with one's future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decide one's future career as early as possible.

10.世上没有什么比……更令我高兴了: Nothing in the world can delight me so much as...

【例】世上没有什么比到饭店就餐更令我高兴了。=Nothing in the world can delight me so much as having dinner in restaurants.

11. ……是必要的: It is necessary that S (+should)+V……是重要的: It is important/essential that S (+should)+V……是适当的: It is proper that S (+should)+V……是紧急的: It is urgent that S (+should)+V

【例】我们应当保持公共场所的清洁。=It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

12.据说……: It is said (that)从句一般认为……: It is thought (that)从句众所周知……: It is known (that)从句据报道……: It is reported (that)从句一般估计……: It is estimated (that)从句

【例】众所周知,阅读增加我们的知识,开阔我们的心胸。=It is known (that) reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.

13. ……的主要原因是……: The main reason why... is (that)从句

【例】青少年犯罪的主要原因是社会环境逐渐恶化。=The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse.

14.俗语说得好: Well goes an old saying, “...”/As an old saying goes (runs, says), “...”/It's an old saying (that)从句

【例】俗话说得好:“诚实为上策”。=As an old saying goes, “Honesty is the best policy.”

15. ……用下列方法:... in the following ways. ……有三个主要理由:... for three major reasons.要……我们至少能做三件事: To..., there are at least three things we can do.

【例】人们学外语主要有三个理由。=People learn a foreign language for three major reasons.为了维持健康,我们每天至少能做三件事。=To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day.

16.那就是(说)……: That is to say,.../That is,.../Namely,...

【例】我们的生活应该有规律。也就是说,早睡早起,戒除烟酒。=We need to live a regular life. That is, we can keep early hours and refrain from smoking and drinking.

17.基于这个理由,……: For this reason,...为了这个目的,……: For this purpose,...

【例】基于这个理由,我已经决定把行医作为未来的职业。=For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.

18.我们有理由相信……: We have reasons to believe (that)从句

【例】我们有理由相信体罚应该被严格禁止。=We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.

19.此外,我们不应忽视: Besides (In addition), we should not neglect...

【例】此外,我们不应忽视每个人都希望拥有一个和平友好的社会。=In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.

20.相反的: On the contrary,.../By contrast,...

【例】相反的,少数学生似乎还在混日子。=On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.

21.另一方面: On the other hand,...

【例】政府应严格执法,另一方面,大众也应该养成减少污染的好习惯。=The government should enforce laws strictly. On the other hand, the public should also develop the good habit of reducing pollution.

22.换言之,……: In other words,.../To put it differently,...

【例】换言之,我会尽最大的努力达到我的目标。=In other words, I will try my best to attain (gain, live up to) my goal.

23.从此之后,我发现……: Ever since then, I have found (that)从句

【例】从此之后,我发现微笑是避免日常生活中人与人之间可能出现的冲突的最好方法。=Ever since then, I have found smile is the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives.

24.这样说来,假如……,毫无疑问地……: In this light, if..., there can surely be no doubt (that)从句

【例】这样说来,假如我们能善用时间,毫无疑问我们会成功。=In this light, if we can make

good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere.

经典句型

1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases related to smoking.根据最近的一项调查,每年有400万人死于与吸烟相关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业反感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.没有一项发明像互联网一样受到如此多的表扬和批评。

4. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person's physical fitness.许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有利于身体健康。

5. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.考虑到问题的严重性,在事态进一步恶化之前必须采取有效的措施。

6. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and great efforts should be made to protect local environment from the harmful effects of international tourism.应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量,努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

7. Many city residents complain that there are so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少,以至于他们花很长时间等来的却是一辆已经载满乘客的公交车。

8. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.不可否认,空气污染是一个极其严重的问题:市政部门应该采取有力措施来解决。

9. An investigation shows that women tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.一项调查显示妇女对退休持赞成态度。

10. A proper parttime job does not occupy students' too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of their time on study. As an old saying goes:“All work and no play make Jack a dull boy.”一份适当的兼职工作并不会占用学生太多的时间。事实上,把全部的时间都用到学习上并不利于学生的健康。正如那句老话:“只工作不玩耍,聪明的孩子会变傻。”

11. Any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.任何忽视这一点的政府都将付出巨大的代价。

12. The majority of students believe that parttime jobs will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力,而这对他们未来找工作是非常有益的。

13. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.无可争辩,现在仍有数以百万计的人过着饥寒交迫的痛苦生活。

14. In the last few decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.在过去的几十年,先进的医疗技术已经能让人们比过去更长寿。

15. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.事实上,我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

16. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

17. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.人们相信拥有计算机技术可以让他们获得更多工作或提升的机会。

18. The information I've collected over the last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.从我这几年搜集的信息来看,这种知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

19. This is a matter of life and death - a matter that no country can afford to ignore.这是一个关系到生死存亡的问题,任何国家都不能忽视。

20. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:对我来说,我同意后者,理由如下:

21. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.在给出我的看法之前,我认为了解双方的观点很重要。

22. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.这种观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

23. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.环境学家指出:持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题,而且还将威胁到整个地球上人类的生存。

24. In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.考虑到这些严重的状况,我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

25. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.尽管自行车有许多明显的优点,它也存在它的问题。

实用谚语

1. Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。

2. God helps those who help themselves.天助自助者。

3. Easier said than done.说起来容易做起来难。

4. Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。

5. One false step will make a great difference.失之毫厘,谬之千里。

6. Slow and steady wins the race.稳扎稳打无往而不胜。

7. A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑,长一智。

8. Experience is the mother of wisdom.实践出真知。

9. All work and no play make Jack a dull boy.只工作不玩耍,聪明孩子会变傻。

10. Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰,徒有其表。

11. More hasty, less speed.欲速则不达。

12. It's never too old to learn.活到老,学到老。

13. All that glitters is not gold.闪光的未必都是金子。

14. A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。

15. Look before you leap.三思而后行。

16. Rome was not built in a day.伟业非一日之功。

17. Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。

18. Well begun, half done.好的开始等于成功的一半。

19. It is hard to please all.众口难调。

20. Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见,心不烦。

21. Facts speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。

22. Call black white.颠倒黑白。

23. First things first.凡事有轻重缓急。

24. Ill news travels fast.坏事传千里。

25. A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。

历史的重要影响 英语作文篇七:阅读造就你我(英语作文)

一般来说,我们学习的方式有两种:读书和实践。In general,there are two ways of learning: reading and practicing.读书往往对一个人的成长和学习有着重要的影响。在恰当的时间,阅读一本好书可以点燃思想的火花,让我们更加博闻强识,享受阅读。不知不觉,阅读拓宽了我们的视野,激发出无限可能。Some people believe that reading is a critical part of learning and growth. Finding the right book at the right time can light an emotional spark within us that motivates us to read more, understand more, and read joyfully. When that happens, the world opens. Everything becomes possible.通过读书去学习的好处如下:1.读书让我们对自然现象的认知更全面:从书中我们可以学到月亮有圆缺,四季变化的道理,气候的冷暖的,刮风下雨,白天黑夜等成因,并形成科学的认知。2.读书让我们快速的浏览古今的灿烂历史和文化。3.读书让我们吸收前人之鉴,少犯错误。刘邦减税就是一个很好的例子。4.读书有利于个人素质的提高:通过对文人墨客情感表达的理解,我们可以深受熏陶,例如李白的豪放洒脱情怀,文天祥的爱国情怀,花木兰的坚强。5.读书可以让我们掌握科学的知识,为我们以后的生活做准备.The benefits of learning by reading are as follows:The first,the cognition for natural phenomenon will be more comprehensive by reading: we can learn that the reason of the round and lack of moon,the change of seasons and climat and the day and night and establish a scientific cognition.Second,we can quickly browse the brilliant history and culture of ancient and modern.Third,reading make us absorb the mistakes of the past and amend.the policy of abatement of tax is a good example.Fourth,the improvement of personal qualities:we are deeply influenced by understanding the emotional expression of literati such as Li Bai's uninhibited joy,Wen Tianxiang's patriotism and Mulan's firm.Last but not least,we can master the knowledge of science for our future life.然而,也有人认为,最好的学习方式是通过实践,使用我们的感官去探究周遭环境中的人、事和风景。However, others believe we learn by doing, and learn best from first-hand and concrete experiences, using our senses, exploring our environment of people, things, places and events。以我来看,应该把这两种学习的方式结合起来,尽管读书可以让我们较快的、全面的认识事物的发展规律,但是实践可以让我们对事物的理解更深刻,更具体。In my opinion, it should combine the two ways of learning, while reading can make us understand rapidly and comprehensively the development of things,but But it can make us understand the things more profound and more specific.

历史的重要影响 英语作文篇八:文化差异对英语写作的影响

2010年7月第7卷第7期

湖北经济学院学报(人文社会科学版)

JournalofHubeiUniversityofEconomics(HumanitiesandSocialSciences)

Jul.2010Vol.7No.7

文化差异对英语写作的影响

(黄山学院外语系,安徽黄山245041)

要:中西方文化及思维方式存在诸多差异,而这些差异对于中国大学生的英文写作有重要影响。中国学生

在英语写作过程中较常出现的问题,如:选词不恰当,句法不规范,篇章不合理等。究其原因,皆源于对西方文化及思维模式把握不到位,而在写作过程中沿用中文思维习惯,造成了文化负迁移。因此要提高学生英语写作能力,帮助其了解中西方文化差异至关重要。

关键词:中西文化思维差异;文化负迁移;英语写作

一、前言

在英语写作教学实践中,笔者时常发现困扰学生英语写作的主要问题不再是语法而是文化差异,许多大学生都能写出没有重大语病的文章。然而由于语言与文化之间的密切关系,中国学生在英语写作时不可避免地把中国传统思维习惯、价值观念等带入到作文中去,使学生写出的英语文章在选词、造句直至布局谋篇都是汉语作文的模式,有的学者称这种语言模式为中继语(interlanguage)。这种语言与文化的负面迁移极大地阻碍了学生写作水平的提高,也不利于学生跨文化交际能力的培养。基于此,笔者认为,写作教学绝非单纯的写作技能或写作技巧的讲授,老师应该在写作教学中用文化导入的方式加以控制,适时地向学生导入丰富的文化背景知识,让他们充分了解中西思维方式的巨大差异,以便帮助他们在跨文化交际时能够做出得体合适的语句输出(output)。所以笔者尝试通过文化对比,从英汉文化差异的角度对大学英语写作做一些探究,寻找大学英语作文写作的文化依据以及它们在写作教学中的应用。

二、中国学生英语写作中的文化干扰

外语写作是一项十分复杂的活动,要写出地道的文章,不仅要求写作者有扎实的语言基础知识,更要求其熟悉该语言的文化背景,使用该语言的思维模式来布局谋篇,遣词造句。文化与语言两者之间的关系紧密、不可分割,语言文化差异所导致的表达方法和习惯用法的差异,是不同的民族文化特征、思维方式的反映。如季羡林先生在《神州文化集成序》中指出:“东方重综合,西方重分析。”这一差异在语言风格上的体现即是,西方人比较强调客观事实,注重事物的具体性与准确性,英文写作中多引用实例和数据,按形式逻辑直线推理,体现现实主义的民族特征,而东方人尽可能地运用具体的形状、印象和声音来传递思想和信息,以象形、会意、指事、形声等方法使汉字达到音、义、形的统一。诸如此类的文化差异对英语写作的影响可分为以下几个方面:

(一)词法方面

历史中一直作为主要农耕工具,因此汉民族赋予“牛”许多文化伴随意义,健壮、力大、任劳任怨等;而在英国,古代英语民族以游牧业为主的生活方式决定了“马”在他们生活中的地位。在英语里“马”被赋予了类似于汉语中“牛”的文化伴随意义,产生了“asstrongasahorse(健壮如牛),awillinghorse(老黄牛)”等一系列的表达。如果学生对这一文化内涵没有理解就会写出Heisasstrongasabull.的句子。而对于狗这种动物,东西方文化有着不同的偏向。中文以狗喻人往往表示贬义,如:狗仗人势,狗腿子,而英文中dog一词往往是褒义的,如幸运儿是lucydog,行家里手是anolddog。此种差异是由两种文化对动物不同态度及认识造成的。中国文化中人为万物之尊,狗作为最早驯养的家畜为人们所熟知,它的作用主要是看家护院,提供食物。而西方文化中讲究万物平等,其他物种享有同样的生存权利,猫、狗等动物更是被许多西方人视为朋友家人。不同文化赋予词语不同的含义,若不能掌握词汇的文化内涵,写出的文章多半会是中式英语。

2.词的虚实

西方文化思维模式具有较强的抽象性,这是由于西方人在对客观世界进行认识和解析的过程中,采取提取共相的方式对事物进行抽象概括以形成柏拉图所谓的“理念世界”。因此英语倾向于使用表达同类事物的整体词语来表达具体事物或现象,用词倾向于虚。而中国人的形象思维比较发达,喜欢通过形象的分析进行思维,汉字就具有典型形象思维的特征,许多汉字如中、田、人、日、月等至今保留其象形的特点。所以汉语用词也倾向于具体,常常以实的形式表达虚的概念,以具体的形象表达抽象的内容。这一差异在词汇使用上也有体现,如:

Hissorrowwasloudandlong.

他很伤心,大声哭了很久。

在此句中抽象名词sorrow被用来指代具体概念“哭泣”。相反,汉语中如成语“点头之交”、“白驹过隙”等用具体的形象描述出人际关系、时间等抽象的概念。

3.主客体语运用

国学大师钱穆曾指出,中国文化以人文为中心,以人生为本位,最富人文意识,最重人文精神,中国文化本质上是一种人本文化(李瑞华,1996)。这一人本文化的长期积淀,形成了本体型的思维方式,即以人为中心来观察、分析、推理和研究事物的思维方式。西方文化则以物本为主体,以自然为本位,比较偏重于对自然客体的观察与研究。这两种不同的思维方式反

·109·

1.词的含义

·昂来斯认为:每一种语言的词汇特征,可以反映应用这J

种语言的社会文化面貌、物品、制度、习俗及活动等。词汇是客观事物在人脑中形成的概念,同一事物对不同文化背景下的人来说有不同的联想与反映。英汉词汇中关于牛、马的文化伴随意义的不同就是一个典型的例子。“牛”在悠久的中国农业

映在语言形态上,很鲜明的一个特征就是,英语较常用物称(impersonal)表达法,以客观事物或抽象名词的形式加以表达,往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”,如:

在写作教学中,教师应该强调这些差异,帮助学生了解中西两种不同的思维方式与中英文两种迥然不同的句式结构,在表达时能够用上必要的连词及承上启下的短语,使表达逻辑清楚,富于连贯性。

(三)语篇结构

R.B.Kaplan在他的文章中指出:汉语的语篇思维模式是迂回、环绕的螺旋式(circular/spiral),而英语语篇思维模式属于亚里士多德的线性模式(linear),它注重的是完整性和统一性。西方人的思维方式是一种基于柏拉图-亚里士多德的思想体系的直线式思维。这一思维方式反映在英文语篇特征上可用“开门见山”来描述,大体可归纳为三个步骤:第一,Say

Thethoughtofseeinghimmadeherexcited.

Homeshavebeenlost;jobsshed;businessesshuttered.而汉语则较常用人称主语表达,强调人对事、对物的作用,往往注重“什么人怎么样了”。如句子“Homeshavebeenlost;jobsshed;businessesshuttered.”中文却是“我们许多人失

去了房子,丢了工作,生意萧条。”

在写作教学中,教师应该强调不同文化背景下同一词汇所表达的不同含义及对于词语虚实及主客体的运用,帮助学生写出更地道的英文。

(二)句法方面1.语序排列

中国人的思维具有综合,具体的特征,整体性强。中国人喜欢综合,导致思维上的总体优先,而西方人侧重于分析思维。正如普利高津指出:“西方科学家与艺术家惯于从分析的角度来观察现实,中国哲学则表现出一种整体观念。”(韩晗、王虹,

whatyouaregoingtosay;第二,Sayit;第三,Thensaywhatyouhavesaid。开头开宗明义,主体紧扣观点,结尾概况要点,如此

层层相扣让读者对主题一目了然。线性思维模式决定了英文采用就事论事的方式行文,用事实来说明问题,直接且明确。而中国传统的哲学观———儒教、道教和佛教讲究领悟、意境以及言外之意,语言具有一定的模糊性,作者要表达的思想往往是含蓄的,需要读者通过理解领悟出来。其次,中国哲学对于“圆”的执着使得轮回、循环的观念深入人心。中国人说话、写文章往往会先做铺陈、发散、举一反三,然后再把发散出去的思想收拢回来,落到原来的起点上,这就使话语或语篇结构呈圆式或呈螺旋式。所以中国学生在写作中往往有很多铺陈与烘托,形散而神聚,不要求逻辑上的严谨,而追求意境上的感悟,辗转迂回而不切中主题。再次,由于中国社会儒家的“忍”和“礼”,以及封建专制统治的文字狱,使人们说话、写文章都喜欢“曲径通幽”,“指桑骂槐”,并且善用套话俗语,爱讲道理。许多学生没有认识到这一差异,在写作中照搬中文模式,写出来的文章在英语本族语者看来就是没有开头,逻辑混乱,不知所云。这点同样要引起教师的注意。

三、结语

著名的语言学家RobertLado曾指出,不掌握文化背景就不能学好语言。语言是文化的一部分,不懂得文化模式和准则,就不可能真正学到语言。对中国学生而言,英语写作时如果不进行文化思维模式的转换,就不可能排除汉语文化的干扰,达不到书面交际的目的。而要使学生写出“地道”的英语,就应从比较文化的角度培养学生掌握汉英在词法、句法、语篇结构方面的差异,弄清英语的语言规律及表述特点,这样才能真正提高学生的英语写作水平。因此,在写作教学过程中,教师不仅要讲解词法、句法、语篇等,而应把英语写作这一文化行为置于跨文化交流的背景中,通过对比中国与西方不同的文化传统、思维模式,以及由此形成的不同语言特色,以加强文化导入的力度对学生进行写作指导。

(注:本文系黄山学院教研项目“过程写作法与交际能力的培养”,项目编号:2008hsujy022)

参考文献:

1995)汉民族的整体思维反映在对事物的认识上,其过程是从

远及近、由大到小、由表及里、层层深入的自然过程。而西方人侧重于分析思维,对事物的认识采取由近及远、由小到大、先正后偏、突出重心、层层向外扩展的方式。如:

中华人民共和国安徽省黄山市黄山学院外语系

英文则说:SchoolofForeignLanguages,HuangshanUniversity,

HuangshanCity,AnhuiProvince,ThePeople’sRepublicofChina

又如:

2009年11月20日早上8点在学校门口,我碰到了我的高中同学简。

英语则说:ImetwithJaneatthegateoftheschoolat8:00

a.m.,the20thofNovember,2009,whowasmymiddleschoolclassmate.

2.句子连接

英语是形合性(hypostaxis)语言。所谓形合,指的是句中

的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来表达语法意义和逻辑关系。英语注重形式联系,句中关联词语使用较多,单句的句子成分排列紧凑。英语句中的连接手段主要有关联词、连词和介词等。如:

Theteacherspeaksslowly,andhisvoiceissoloudthatitcanbeheardclearlybyeveryoneintheclassroom.

与英语不同的是,汉语属于意合性语言(parataxis)。所谓意合,指的是词语成分之间不用语言形式连接,句中的句法意

义和逻辑关系通过词语成分的含义表达。汉语注重内在意念,要求意会,不受形式的约束,较少使用关联词语。如:

今天一早就开始下雨,我们取消了野餐的计划。

从以上两个例句可见,汉语句子主要是用意义来作为语言组织手段,往往省略关系连词,而英语则用多种连词来组织句子,显得严谨精确,连贯完整。由于英汉句子结构的这种差别,所以,中国学生写出来的英语句子往往缺乏关联词与连贯性。如:

Hedidnotgetthenews,hewasveryworried.

他得不到消息,非常着急。

上面例中明显缺乏关联词,如果把这个句子改为“because

hedidnotgetthenews”,其连贯性就较强了,读起来也就通顺

很多。·

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ModelsofSentenceComprehension[J].ArtificialIntelligence,2007,(3):77-100.

[2]韩晗,王虹.汉英民族思维及语言方式的差异对大学英语写作的影

响[J].西北大学学报,1995,(4):111-116.

[3]李瑞华.英汉语言文化对比研究[M].上海外语教育出版社,1996.625.[4]李刚.英汉语言对比与大学英语写作教学[J].阜阳师范学院学报(社

会科学版),2009,(2):104-106.

[5]连淑能.论中西思维方式[J].外语与外语教学,2002,(2):40-46.

历史的重要影响 英语作文篇九:英语作文

四大文明古国:中国位于亚洲东部,是世界上人口最多的国家。中国是世界四大文明古国之一,拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古迹,此外,中国地大物博,拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰,所有这些都令世界各国人民神往。但是,更重要的是,中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪,遗留下无数的历史文物,其中包括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑,令人惊叹不已。这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。

China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world. China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ncient civilization, Besides, it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords. All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world. But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left overfrom the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people’s admiration. You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land.

中华传统文化:中华民族的传统文化博大精深,源远流长。早在2000多年前,就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说和以老庄为代表的道家学说,以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说流派,这就是有名的“诸子百家”。从孔夫子到孙中山,中华民族传统文化有它的许多珍贵品质,许多人民性和民主性的好东西。比如,强调仁爱,强调群体,强调和而不同,强调天下为公。特别是“天下兴亡,匹夫有责”的爱国情找,“民为邦本”,“民贵君轻”的民本思想,“己所不欲勿施于人”的待人之道,吃苦耐劳,勤俭持家,尊师重教的传统美德, 世代相传。所有这些,对家庭,国家和社会起到了巨大的维系与调节作用。

The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back and runs a long, long course. More than 2,000 years ago, there emerged in China Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism represented by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, and many other theories and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the famous term”the masters’hundred schools.”The traditional Chinese culture presents many precious ideas and qualities, which are essentially populist and democratic. For example, they lay stress on the importance of kindness and love in human relations, on the interest of the community, on seeking harmony without uniformity and on the idea that the world is for all. Especially, patriotism as embodied in the saying ”Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country”; the populist ideas that “people are the foundation of the country”and that “people are the more important than the monarch”; the code of conduct of “Treat others as you want to be treated”.And the traditional virtues taught from generation to generation:endurance and hard working diligence and frugality in household management,and respecting teachers and valuing education.All of which have played a great role in binding and regulating the family,the country and the society.

汉语:从某种意义上说,汉语是一种很古老的语言,其最早的汉字已有近四千年的历史了。 汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化成许多不同的书写形式,例如篆书、隶书、楷书和行书。中国书法家往往使汉字的字形夸张以取得艺术效果,例如旅游胜地的一些石刻碑文。中国书法是一门研究艺术,随着各位学习兴趣的提高,我们将适时介绍中国书法的流派,以及如何欣赏中国书法的艺术性。

In a sense, Chinese is a very old language, and its earliest characters date back nearly four

thousand years ago. During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as the Seal script, Clerical script, Regular script and Running script. Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in ways that exaggerate the form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen in tourist resorts. Chinese calligraphy is a subject of artistic study. As your interest in Chinese character system increases in the days to come, we will introduce in due time the different schools of Chinese calligraphy, and how to appreciate the artistic beauty of Chinese calligraphy.

孔子:孔子(ConfUcius)是一位思想家、政治家,教育家,也是中国儒学(the Ru School)思想的创始人。儒学(Confucianism),这个道德和宗教哲学的大系统建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)的教学上。冯友兰,中国思想史上20世纪伟大的的权威之一,把孔子在中国历史上的影响比作西方的苏格拉底。

Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought. Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung. Fung You-lan, one of the great 20th century authorities on the history of Chinese thought, compares Confucius9 influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West.

红楼梦:《红楼梦》问世二百年以来,通过汉文原文和各种译文读过此书的人,不知有多少亿!这么多的读者哪一个是先看批评家的文章,然而再让批评家牵着鼻子走,按图索骥地去读原作呢?我看是绝无仅有的。一切文学作品,特别是象《红楼梦》这样伟大的作品,内容异常地丰富,涉及到的社会层面异常地多,简直象是一个宝山,一座迷宫。而读者群就更加复杂,他们来读《红楼梦》,会各就自己的特点,欣赏该书中的某一个方面,受到鼓舞,受到启发,引起了喜爱也可能受到打击,引起了憎恶。总之是千差万别。

Ever since the publication of A Dream of Red Mansions some 200 years ago, hundreds of millions of people have read its Chinese original or its translations in various languages. Of these innumerable people, how many have read the novel by starting with a perusal of the critics' articles and allowing themselves to be led by the nose by the critics as to how to read the novel? Next to none. All literary works, especially a monumental one like A Dream of Red Mansions, are extremely rich in content and involve diverse social strata-to such an extent that they virtually resemble a mountain of treasure or a labyrinth. And the readers are even more complicated, differing from each other in family background. They will each appreciate a certain aspect of the novel according to their own individuality. They may feel inspired and enlightened, and hence love it, or they may feel hurt, and hence loathe it. In short, the reactions vary.

春节:春节庆祝活动是一年中最重要的庆祝活动。中国人庆祝春节的方式可能略微不同,但其愿望几乎是相同的,他们希望其家人和朋友来年健康和幸运。春节庆祝活动通常持续 15天。庆祝活动包括春节的年夜饭,放鞭炮,给儿童压岁钱,春节钟声和春节问候。大多数中国人将在春节的第7天停止庆祝活动,因为全国性节假通常在这一天结束,但在公共场所的庆祝活动可能最终持续到正月十五。

Chinese New Year Celebration is the most important celebration of the year. Chinese people may celebrate the Chinese New Year in slightly different ways but their wishes are almost the same; they want their family members and friends to be healthy and lucky during next year.Chinese New Year Celebration usually lasts for 15 days. Celebratory activities include

Chinese New Feast, firecrackers, giving lucky money to children, the New Year bell ringing and Chinese New Year Greetings. Most of Chinese people will stop the celebrating in their home on the 7th day of New Year because the national holiday usually ends around that day, however celebrations in public areas can last until the 15th day of New Year.

清明节:清明节的习俗是丰富有趣的,除了讲究禁火、扫墓,还有踏青、荡秋千、蹴鞠、打马球、插柳等一系列风俗体育活动。相传这是因为清明节要寒食禁火,为了防止寒食冷藏伤身,所以大家来参加一些体育活动,以锻炼身体。因此,这个节日既有祭扫新坟生别死离得悲酸泪,又有踏青游玩的欢笑声,是一个富有特色的节日。

Ching Ming Festival (the Tomb-sweeping Festival), the custom is full of interesting. In addition to pay attention to ban fire, tomb-sweeping, as well as spring outing, swinging, Cuju, playing polo, Liu inserted a series of custom sports. According to legend, this is because the Ching Ming Festival to Cold Food Observance ban fire, in order to prevent the Cold Food Observance buffet beverages, so we come to participate in some sports, in order to exercise. Therefore, this festival which has both he acid tears of sorrow for the died and the laughter from the players, is a distinctive holiday.

元宵节:与大多数中国节日一样,元宵节同样有自己的特色小吃,成为“汤圆”(也叫“元宵”)。汤圆外形圆圆的,外皮由糯米制成,内陷或甜或辣。人们都说汤圆有两个象征之意,一为农历的第一个月圆,二为家庭团聚圆满。元宵节传统习俗中还有一部分是关于猜灯谜的游戏。在过去,这些谜语大多出自于模糊的文学典故和中国古典文学之中,所以猜灯谜以前多为知识份子的“领地”。踩高跷,敲大鼓和舞龙狮也是元宵节主要的娱乐活动。

Like most Chinese festivals, the Lantern Festival has its own special food, called “tang yuan”. These are round, glutinous rice dumplings with sweet or spicy fillings. The dumplings are said to symbolize both the first full moon and family utility and completeness. Part of the lantern festival tradition involves a game to guess riddles attached to the lanterns. In the old days the riddles were obscure literary allusions to the Chinese classics and so were mainly the preserve of the educated classes. Stilt-walking, drumming and dragon and lion dancing are the main entertainment forms of the Lantern Festival.

端午节:端午节,又叫龙舟节,是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣(minister)他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤(vilify)而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方,抛下粽子,希望鱼儿吃粽子,不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来,端午节的特色在于吃粽子(glutinous dumplings)和赛龙舟,尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。

The Duan Wu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water,hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.

中秋节:农历八月十五日是中国的传统节日——中秋节。在这天,每个家庭都团聚在一

起,一家人共同观赏象征丰裕、和谐和好运的圆月。此时,大人们尽情吃着美味的月饼,品着热腾腾的香茗,而孩子们则在一旁拉着明亮的兔子灯尽情玩耍。月宫里美丽的仙女嫦娥的神话故事赋予了这个节日神话色彩。传说古时候,天空曾有10个太阳围着地球旋转。后翌射下了其中9个太阳,拯救了地球上的生灵。他偷了长生不老药,却被妻子嫦娥偷偷喝下,从而产生了嫦娥奔月的故事。

The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar month. It is a time for family members to congregate and enjoy the full moon, which is a symbol of abundance, harmony and luck. Adults usually indulge in fragrant mooncakes of various kinds with a good cup of hot Chinese tea, while the children run around with their brightly-lit rabbit lanterns. The festival was endowed a mythological flavour with legends of Chang-E, the beautiful lady in the moon. According to Chinese mythology, the earth once had 10 suns circling over it. Hou Yi, shot down 9 of the suns to save all the lives on carth. He stole the elixir of life, which can make people immortal. However, his wife, Chang-E drank it. Thus the legend of Chang-E flying into the moon came into being.

筷子:中国人使用筷子已经有3 000多年的历史了。中国的筷子夹菜的一端是圆的,象征着天;另一端是方的,象征着地。这是因为,维持充足的食物供应是天地之间最重要的事情。中国有个古老的风俗,女子出嫁时要用筷子当嫁妆,因为“筷子”与“快子”谐音。根据中国的餐桌礼仪,吃饭时一直握着筷子是不礼貌的。将菜送入口中后,应立刻把筷子放下。吃饭时,用筷子指着别人会对其造成冒犯。

There has been a history of more than 3 000 years for the Chinese to have meals with chopsticks. Chinese chopsticks are round on the eating end which symbolizes the heaven, and the other end is square which symbolizes the earth. It is because maintaining an adequate food supply is the greatest concern between the heaven and the earth. There is an old custom in the past in China, that chopsticks should be a part of a girl’s dowry. Kuaizi (chopsticks) is pronounced the same as “kuai zi”.The latter symbolized “quick”and “son”. According to the Chinese traditional table manners, it is impolite to hold the chopsticks all the time over the meal. As soon as one person sends a bite into his mouth, he should put down the chopsticks. It would offend others to point at them with chopsticks over the meal.

文房四宝:在中国,笔、墨、纸、砚(ink slab),就是人们所说的“文房四宝”,在中华文明的传承中起了重要作用。文房四宝不仅有实用价值,它们本身也是供人观赏的艺术品,并逐步成为收藏品。文房四宝品类繁多,丰富多彩,选材制作不断趋于完善、精美,历代都有名品、名匠产生,成为一种深厚的文化积淀。在当今时代,使用笔、墨、纸、砚进行学习、写作的人越来越少了,但是,在中国的书法、绘画、收藏以及修身养性活动中,它们仍起着不可替代的作用。

In China, “four treasures of the study”refers to “writing brush”“ink stick”, “paper”and “ink slab”, playing an important role in passing on Chinese civilization. They not only have their value of practical use, but also become the works of art for appreciation and collection. There is a large variety of these four treasures. Selecting of materials and making process have become increasingly delicate and perfect. Each dynasty of Chinese history saw famous craftsmen appear and works produced, which is a profound process of cultural accumulation.In contemporary times, “four treasures of the study”have been increasingly rarely used for study or writhing, but they are

still playing an irreplaceable role in the field of Chinese calligraphy, painting, collection and in the activities of cultivating one's mind.

中国结:中国结(The Chinese Knot)是一种古老的艺术形式。人们发现,绳结可以追朔到10万年前。中国人不仅用绳结来固定、包裹、狩猎、捕鱼,还用来记录事件,而且有些绳结纯粹起装饰作用。中国结具有文化内涵(cultural connotation)。由于结在汉语中的发音与“吉”相近。吉的意思是“福、禄、寿、喜、财、安、康”,这是中国人永恒的追求,因此有些中国结表达出人们的各种愿望。例如:新婚夫妇的房间通常用一个盘长结(Pan-chang Knot)来装饰,象征着永恒的爱情。

The Chinese Knot is an ancient art form and artifacts could be found as far back as 100 000 years ago.Chinese people used knots for more than just fastening,wraping,hunting,fishing.Knots were also to record events,and some knots had purely ornamentak functions.The Chinese Knot has cultural connotations.Since knot is pronouced as"jie" in Chinese similar with that of "ji",which means blessing,good salary,longevity,happpiness,fortune,safety and health and is the everlasting pursuit of Chinese people,some Chinese Knots espress people's various hopes.For example,the room of newlyweds is usually decorated with a Pan-Chang Knot to symbolize eternal love.

八大菜系:中国一个幅员辽阔、资源丰富、历史悠久的多民族国家,每个民族都有其独特的丰富菜肴。地域菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传统、民族风俗和其他因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发展已经成形。最有影响力、最具代表性的是鲁、川、粵、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽菜系,这八种被人们称为“八大菜系”。中国的“八大菜系”是以多种多样的烹饪方法区分的,各有其长处。

China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes. Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors. The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan,Yue, Min, Su,Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”. Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines”in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points.

四、传统艺术 京剧:京剧被奉为中国的国粹,来源于18世纪晚期的安徽和湖北的当地剧种。京剧是中国所有剧种中最有影响力和代表性的,在中国乃至世界享有声誉。京剧完美融合了多种艺术形式。京剧集传统音乐、舞蹈、诗歌、杂耍、武术于一身,以华丽的戏服、逼真的脸谱和程式化的演出套路而闻名。京剧脸谱上每一种图形和亮丽的颜色都有象征意义:红色表示忠诚,蓝色表示残暴,黑色表示正直。

Known as China’s national opera, Peking Opera originated in the late 18th century from the basis of some local operas in Anhui and Hubei Provinces. Peking Opera is the most influential and representative of all operas in China. It has won great popularity not only in China but also throughout the world. Peking Opera is a harmonious combination of many art forms. It is a synthesis of traditional music, dancing, poetry, acrobatics and martial arts. It is famous for its exquisite costumes, beautiful make-up or painted face, and established performing conventions and rules. Each of patterns and brilliant colors on the painted face has a symbolic meaning: red suggests loyalty; blue suggests cruelty; black suggests honesty.

历史的重要影响 英语作文篇十:英语翻译 综述_发展历史

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